Even when comparing two heat pumps, important differences can exist in efficiency, installation requirements, heating performance, operating cost, comfort, noise, maintenance, and suitability for different homes and climates.
This guide explains the most important factors to consider when comparing heat pumps and provides a framework for deciding which system makes the most sense for your home.
What Should You Compare When Choosing a Heat Pump?
A useful heat pump comparison should look beyond the purchase price.
Important factors include:
- Heating performance
- Cooling performance
- Energy efficiency
- Low-temperature performance
- Installation cost
- Operating cost
- Maintenance requirements
- Expected service life
- Noise
- Indoor comfort
- Humidity control
- Available space
- Ductwork requirements
- Electrical requirements
- Climate compatibility
- Backup heating requirements
- Warranty
- Available incentives
Heat Pump vs Furnace
A heat pump and a furnace provide heat in fundamentally different ways.
A heat pump transfers heat between the home and outside environment, while a furnace generates heat by burning fuel or using electricity.
The most important comparison factors include climate, electricity and fuel prices, heating requirements, efficiency, installation cost, and whether the home already has suitable ductwork.
In moderate climates, a heat pump can provide both heating and cooling from one system. In colder climates, the heating performance of the selected heat pump at low outdoor temperatures becomes particularly important.
Some homes can also use a dual-fuel system combining a heat pump with a gas furnace.
Heat Pump vs Air Conditioner
A standard air conditioner provides cooling but does not normally provide heating.
A heat pump can provide both cooling and heating by reversing the direction of heat transfer.
For homeowners replacing both an air conditioner and a heating system, a heat pump can potentially provide both functions with one system.
The best choice depends on climate, existing heating equipment, energy prices, installation requirements, and heating needs.
Heat Pump vs Mini-Split
A mini-split is itself a type of heat pump when configured for both heating and cooling.
The more useful comparison is often between a ducted central heat pump and a ductless mini-split heat pump.
Ducted systems distribute conditioned air through ducts, while ductless systems use indoor air-handling units connected directly to the outdoor unit.
Mini-splits can be particularly useful for homes without ductwork, additions, individual rooms, and zoning applications.
Heat Pump vs Geothermal Heat Pump
Both air-source and geothermal heat pumps transfer heat rather than generating it directly.
The major difference is the heat source or heat sink.
An air-source heat pump exchanges heat with outdoor air, while a geothermal system exchanges heat with the ground through a ground-loop system.
Geothermal systems can offer highly stable performance because underground temperatures are generally more stable than outdoor air temperatures, but installation can be substantially more complex.
Air-Source vs Geothermal Heat Pump
Air-source systems are generally simpler to install because they use an outdoor air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger.
Geothermal systems require ground-loop infrastructure and therefore involve different installation requirements and costs.
When comparing the two, consider:
- Installation cost
- Available land
- Climate
- Heating and cooling loads
- Efficiency
- Expected operating costs
- Ground-loop requirements
- Equipment life
- Maintenance
- Local incentives
Heat Pump vs Boiler
Boilers heat water and distribute heat through hydronic systems such as radiators or radiant-floor heating.
Heat pumps generally distribute heat through air handlers, ducts, or indoor mini-split units, although specialized heat pump systems can provide hydronic heating.
Homes with existing hydronic systems may require more substantial modifications when switching to a conventional air-source heat pump.
Heat Pump vs Electric Furnace
Both systems can operate using electricity, but their heating methods are different.
An electric furnace uses resistance heating elements to convert electrical energy into heat.
A heat pump moves heat from one location to another and can therefore provide more heating energy than the electrical energy used to operate the system under appropriate conditions.
The actual operating-cost difference depends on electricity prices, outdoor temperatures, system efficiency, and how the equipment is operated.
Heat Pump vs Gas Furnace
Gas furnaces burn natural gas or another fuel to generate heat, while heat pumps transfer heat.
A comparison should consider both heating and cooling because a heat pump can provide cooling as well as heating.
Important factors include:
- Natural gas availability
- Electricity prices
- Gas prices
- Climate
- Heating demand
- Cooling demand
- Equipment cost
- Installation cost
- Maintenance
- Carbon emissions
- Backup heating requirements
Heat Pump vs Oil Furnace
Homes that currently use heating oil may consider a heat pump when replacing their heating system.
The economics depend heavily on local electricity and heating-oil prices, the home’s heating load, climate, and the efficiency of the proposed heat pump.
Existing ductwork and electrical capacity should also be evaluated.
Heat Pump vs Propane Furnace
Propane furnaces can provide high-temperature heating, while heat pumps transfer heat and typically deliver heat at lower supply-air temperatures.
A heat pump can be particularly attractive where propane costs are high or where homeowners want one system for both heating and cooling.
A dual-fuel system can also combine a heat pump with a propane furnace.
Heat Pump vs Space Heaters
Portable electric space heaters can be inexpensive to purchase, but they are generally intended to heat individual rooms rather than an entire home.
A heat pump can provide whole-home heating when appropriately designed and installed.
For a single small room, a portable heater may have a lower upfront cost. For whole-home heating, a properly designed heat pump can provide a different combination of comfort and operating characteristics.
Heat Pump vs Baseboard Heating
Electric baseboard heaters use resistance heating, while heat pumps transfer heat.
Switching from electric baseboard heating to a heat pump can potentially reduce electricity consumption for heating, depending on the system’s efficiency and operating conditions.
However, installation costs and the home’s existing electrical system should be considered.
Ducted vs Ductless Heat Pumps
Ducted and ductless systems can both provide efficient heating and cooling, but they are suited to different installation situations.
Ducted Heat Pumps
- Use existing or new ductwork
- Can provide whole-home air distribution
- Can replace or integrate with central HVAC systems
- May require duct modifications
Ductless Heat Pumps
- Do not require traditional distribution ductwork
- Can provide room-by-room zoning
- Work well for additions and homes without ducts
- Require indoor wall, floor, or ceiling units
Central Heat Pump vs Mini-Split
A central ducted heat pump may be preferable when a home already has well-designed ductwork.
A mini-split may be more practical when the home has no ducts or when individual zones need independent control.
The best option depends on the building layout and desired distribution strategy rather than efficiency ratings alone.
Single-Stage vs Two-Stage Heat Pumps
Single-stage systems generally operate at one primary compressor capacity.
Two-stage systems can operate at different capacity levels, allowing the system to provide lower output under less demanding conditions.
Potential benefits of staging can include improved comfort and longer operating periods at lower output, although the actual results depend on equipment design and installation.
Single-Stage vs Variable-Speed Heat Pumps
Variable-speed systems can adjust compressor output across a range of operating conditions.
This can provide more precise capacity matching and potentially improve comfort and efficiency.
However, variable-speed systems can have higher equipment and installation costs and may require compatible controls and components.
Heat Pump vs Dual-Fuel System
A dual-fuel system combines a heat pump with a combustion furnace.
The heat pump can handle heating under conditions where it is advantageous, while the furnace can provide supplemental or alternative heating under other conditions.
Whether dual fuel makes financial sense depends on local electricity and fuel prices, climate, equipment cost, and operating strategy.
Heat Pump vs Solar Heating
Solar thermal systems and heat pumps use different technologies.
Solar heating can collect energy from sunlight, while a heat pump moves heat using electricity.
Solar photovoltaic panels can also generate electricity that powers a heat pump, creating a different type of heating strategy.
Heat Pump Efficiency Comparisons
When comparing heat pumps, do not rely on one efficiency number.
For U.S. equipment, relevant ratings can include SEER2, EER2, HSPF2, and COP depending on the equipment and application.
For heating-focused comparisons, examine performance at temperatures relevant to your climate rather than looking only at the nominal efficiency rating.
Heat Pump Heating Capacity Comparison
Heating capacity is especially important when comparing systems for colder climates.
Two heat pumps with similar nominal ratings may have different heating capacity at low outdoor temperatures.
Compare manufacturer performance data at temperatures such as 47°F, 17°F, and, for cold-climate equipment, 5°F where available.
Heat Pump Noise Comparison
Noise can matter when the outdoor unit is located near bedrooms, patios, property lines, or neighboring homes.
Compare published sound ratings when available, but remember that actual perceived noise depends on installation location, mounting, operating speed, surrounding structures, and the condition of the equipment.
Heat Pump Installation Cost Comparison
Equipment price alone does not determine total installation cost.
Compare:
- Equipment
- Labor
- Ductwork
- Electrical work
- Refrigerant lines
- Thermostat
- Controls
- Condensate drainage
- Outdoor-unit mounting
- Permits
- Removal of old equipment
- Commissioning
Heat Pump Operating Cost Comparison
Operating cost depends on system efficiency, electricity price, heating load, cooling load, climate, thermostat settings, auxiliary heat use, and building efficiency.
A system with a higher efficiency rating may cost more initially but can potentially reduce energy costs over its lifetime.
The best comparison therefore considers total cost of ownership rather than purchase price alone.
Heat Pump Maintenance Comparison
Maintenance requirements vary by system type.
Ducted systems may require filter, blower, ductwork, and coil maintenance. Ductless systems require indoor-unit filter maintenance and attention to multiple indoor heads. Geothermal systems have additional ground-loop and circulating-system considerations.
Before choosing a system, understand what maintenance will be required and whether replacement parts and qualified service providers are readily available in your area.
Heat Pump Comfort Comparison
Comfort depends on more than the equipment’s efficiency rating.
Important factors include:
- Capacity control
- Air distribution
- Indoor temperature stability
- Humidity control
- Airflow
- Noise
- Thermostat control
- Room-to-room temperature differences
A correctly sized and installed system can provide better comfort than a higher-rated system that is poorly designed or installed.
Heat Pump Comparison for Cold Climates
Cold-climate buyers should give greater weight to low-temperature heating performance.
Look at:
- Heating capacity at low temperatures
- COP at low temperatures
- Cold-climate certification
- Defrost operation
- Minimum operating temperature
- Backup heat requirements
- Auxiliary heat controls
A heat pump that performs well at mild temperatures is not automatically the best choice for a home that regularly experiences very low outdoor temperatures.
Heat Pump Comparison for Hot Climates
In hot climates, cooling performance and humidity management can become more important.
Compare:
- SEER2
- EER2
- Cooling capacity
- Part-load performance
- Variable-speed operation
- Humidity control
- Noise
- Outdoor temperature performance
Heat Pump Comparison for Humid Climates
In humid areas, temperature control alone may not be enough.
The system should be properly sized and configured so that it can provide appropriate cooling and dehumidification.
Variable-capacity equipment may offer advantages in some applications because it can operate for longer periods at lower capacity, but the actual humidity performance depends on system design, controls, indoor conditions, and installation.
Heat Pump Comparison for Small Homes
Small homes can have relatively low heating and cooling loads.
Oversizing can therefore be a particularly important concern.
Compact ductless systems or appropriately sized ducted systems may be suitable depending on the home’s layout.
Heat Pump Comparison for Large Homes
Large homes may require multiple zones, multiple systems, or a larger ducted system.
Instead of simply installing one very large unit, the design should account for different zones, loads, duct distribution, and the home’s layout.
How to Compare Two Heat Pumps
When comparing two specific models, create a side-by-side comparison using manufacturer documentation.
Check:
- Model numbers
- Heating capacity
- Cooling capacity
- SEER2
- EER2
- HSPF2
- Low-temperature performance
- Sound rating
- Operating temperature range
- Compressor type
- Refrigerant
- Electrical requirements
- Warranty
- Installation requirements
- Compatible indoor units
How to Compare Heat Pump Brands
Brand reputation is only one part of the decision.
Compare specific models rather than assuming every model from one manufacturer performs better than every model from another manufacturer.
Important considerations include product specifications, warranty, installer availability, replacement parts, service network, cold-weather performance, controls, and total installed price.
Which Heat Pump Is Best?
There is no single heat pump that is best for every home.
The right choice depends on the home’s climate, heating and cooling loads, ductwork, electrical system, budget, comfort requirements, and installation conditions.
A highly efficient system that is poorly sized or installed may perform worse than a moderately priced system that is correctly designed and commissioned.
Heat Pump Comparison Mistakes to Avoid
1. Comparing Only the Purchase Price
Installation and lifetime operating costs can be much more significant than the initial equipment price.
2. Looking Only at SEER2
SEER2 is primarily a cooling-efficiency metric. Heating performance should also be evaluated.
3. Ignoring Low-Temperature Performance
This is especially important in cold climates.
4. Comparing Different-Sized Systems
Capacity and efficiency comparisons are most meaningful when the systems are appropriate for the same application and load.
5. Ignoring Installation Quality
Equipment specifications cannot compensate for major installation problems.
6. Assuming the Most Expensive System Is Best
Premium equipment may provide useful features, but whether those features are worth the additional cost depends on the home and operating conditions.
Heat Pump Comparison Checklist
- Determine the home’s heating load
- Determine the cooling load
- Identify the climate
- Compare heating capacity
- Compare cooling capacity
- Compare SEER2
- Compare HSPF2
- Check low-temperature performance
- Compare noise ratings
- Compare installation requirements
- Evaluate ductwork
- Evaluate electrical requirements
- Compare controls
- Compare warranty coverage
- Compare maintenance requirements
- Compare installation quotes
- Estimate operating costs
- Check available incentives
Heat Pump Comparison FAQs
Is a heat pump better than a furnace?
It depends on the home, climate, fuel and electricity prices, equipment, and installation. A heat pump can provide both heating and cooling, while a furnace is primarily a heating system.
Is a heat pump better than an air conditioner?
A heat pump can provide both heating and cooling, while a conventional air conditioner normally provides cooling only. The best choice depends on the home’s heating requirements and existing HVAC system.
Are mini-splits better than central heat pumps?
Neither is universally better. Mini-splits can be useful for homes without ducts and zoning applications, while central ducted heat pumps can work well in homes with suitable ductwork.
Is geothermal better than air-source heat pumps?
Geothermal systems can provide highly stable performance but generally require more complex installation. Air-source systems are usually simpler to install. The best option depends on the property and project economics.
Are variable-speed heat pumps worth it?
They can be worthwhile when improved capacity control, comfort, and potentially improved part-load performance justify the additional equipment and installation cost.
Which heat pump is best for cold weather?
Look for equipment specifically designed and tested for cold-climate operation and compare its heating capacity and efficiency at low outdoor temperatures relevant to your location.
Which is cheaper to operate: a heat pump or furnace?
There is no universal answer. Operating cost depends on equipment efficiency, electricity and fuel prices, climate, heating load, and system operation.
Should I compare heat pumps by SEER2?
SEER2 is useful for comparing cooling efficiency, but it should not be the only metric. Heating efficiency and low-temperature performance are important when evaluating a heat pump.
Final Verdict: How to Choose Between Heat Pump Systems
The best heat pump comparison starts with the home rather than the equipment brochure.
Determine the heating and cooling loads, identify the climate, evaluate the existing ductwork and electrical system, and then compare equipment based on heating capacity, cooling efficiency, low-temperature performance, installation requirements, operating costs, warranty, and long-term serviceability.
When comparing a heat pump with another heating or cooling technology, evaluate the entire system and its expected lifetime cost rather than focusing only on the initial purchase price.
Related Heat Pump Comparison Articles
- Heat Pump vs Furnace
- Heat Pump vs Air Conditioner
- Heat Pump vs Boiler
- Heat Pump vs Gas Furnace
- Heat Pump vs Electric Furnace
- Heat Pump vs Oil Furnace
- Heat Pump vs Propane Furnace
- Heat Pump vs Baseboard Heating
- Air-Source vs Geothermal Heat Pump
- Ducted vs Ductless Heat Pump
- Mini-Split vs Central Heat Pump
- Single-Stage vs Variable-Speed Heat Pump
- Heat Pump vs Dual-Fuel System
- Heat Pump vs Space Heater
- Heat Pump vs Solar Heating
More Heat Pump Guides
About the Author
ManBearPig is a part-man, part-bear, part-pig creature and a full-time expert on global warming—mostly because he has personally experienced the consequences of being extremely, extremely, super cereal.
When he isn’t roaming the wilderness, terrorizing unsuspecting humans, or demanding that people take climate change seriously, ManBearPig studies rising temperatures, melting ice, extreme weather, carbon emissions, and other inconvenient signs that the planet may not be particularly happy with us.
His research philosophy is simple:
“I’m super cereal.”
ManBearPig believes climate change is too important to discuss without facts—and too ridiculous to discuss without a little humor. Through this website, he explores global warming, climate science, environmental changes, energy, and the strange ways humans respond when their own planet starts sending them warning signals.
He has no university degree, no laboratory, and absolutely no intention of becoming a respectable academic.
But he does have hooves, claws, a snout, and an unusually strong opinion about melting ice.